Diseases of Man in the First Third of the 21st Century and the Future: Evolution of Pathogens and Pathologies The beginning of the 21st century became the era of an epidemiological transition, where acute infections as the main killers were replaced by chronic non-communicable diseases, however, the COVID-19 pandemic brutally reminded us of the persisting threat from new pathogens. The health of humanity is now determined by a complex interaction of biology, technology, ecology, and society. Dominant Reality: Chronic Non-communicable Diseases (CNCD) These diseases, characterized by a long duration and multifactorial etiology, account for more than 70% of global mortality (according to WHO data). Cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Remain the number one killer. Their "youthfulness" and spread in developing countries are related to urbanization, sedentary lifestyle, diet high in ultra-processed foods, trans fats, and sugar. An interesting fact: AI technologies are already being used for the analysis of ECG data and coronary artery scans, predicting the risk of myocardial infarction with accuracy exceeding traditional methods. Oncological diseases. Cancer has ceased to be an unconditional sentence, turning into a more manageable chronic condition. The revolution was caused by immuno-oncology (therapy with checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy), which "teaches" the patient's immune system to recognize and destroy the tumor. However, the incidence of cancer associated with lifestyle and environment (colorectal, melanoma) is increasing. Metabolic and endocrine disorders. Type 2 diabetes has acquired the scale of a pandemic, directly related to obesity. It is not just a disease of carbohydrate metabolism, but a systemic inflammatory disease. Technologies for continuous glucose monitoring and "artificial pancreas" are being developed. Neurodegenerative and Mental Disorders. Alzheimer's disease and other dementias are becoming one of the main medical and social problems of ag ... Read more